原标题:书讯 | 战时澳门与广州湾物资供应

《战时澳门》封面

二战时期的澳门历史，已得到学界颇多研究，[1]其中日本长崎大学教授杰弗里·冈恩（Geoffrey C. Gunn）在其编著的《战时澳门：日本阴霾下的政治与民生》[2]从其擅长的国际关系领域入手，探讨几个重要问题：澳门及其居民为何幸免于日本的直接占领？英国和日本均在澳门设有领事，并与各国势力竞逐，澳门形式上的中立地位如何在大范围外交角力中得以维系？葡萄牙如何在战争危机中维持殖民管治？澳门如何受中日战争牵涉，尤其是日军占领广州、香港等地以及控制海上航线之后？

二战时期日本驻澳门领事馆旧址 来源：南华早报

杰弗里·冈恩教授在导言揭示，二战时期，葡萄牙宣布中立，尽管其本土和大多数殖民地（葡属帝汶除外）未受战争直接波及，但亦不可避免卷入国际争端之中。在二战行将结束之前，不论在欧洲还是东亚，葡萄牙多次屈服于来自德国和日本等的轴心国压力，乃至结成某种同盟关系。但由于澳门特殊的地缘位置，国民党和共产党势力皆活跃于此，期望拯救难民转往大后方。而赖廉士博士所率领的英军服务团[3]连接香港、澳门和广州湾（该三地战时多合称为“港澳湾”），并与国民政府陪都重庆相联系。杰弗里·冈恩教授颇具创见性地列出“东京-柏林-里斯本”、“澳门-东京”、“英国-美国-葡萄牙”三条外交关系“轴线”做讨论，从国际视野考察战时澳门，试图回应上述提出的问题。

《战时澳门》除导言、尾声和结论之外，共分为六章，其中三章是主编杰弗里·冈恩所写，另三位作者包括葡萄牙记者João F. O. Botas，历史学者Stuart Braga和Roy Eric Xavier。随着近年来澳门各类口述历史项目的推进，我们可以见到越来越多有关澳门与法国租借地广州湾之间相互往来的内容浮出水面。[4]而《战时澳门》所征引澳门档案馆和法国国立海外档案馆等各地档案馆的资料，为我们进一步揭示了战时澳门与广州湾“唇齿相依”的历史联系。更为重要者，在主编杰弗里·冈恩看来，广州湾并非一个遥远陌生或不求甚解的地名，而是法国的远东殖民地——印度支那的重要一部分，充斥戴高乐“自由法国”运动支持者与维希政权的斗争，在战时国际关系占有一席之地。全书共有十几处提及广州湾，下文将摘录若干片段，审视同样处于欧洲国家殖民管治之下的战时澳门与广州湾在国际形势、物资供应和难民疏散等多方面的联系以及异同。虽然编者将广州湾称为Treaty Port（条约口岸）而非leased territory（租借地），性质定义不够准确，但其研究视野依然值得借鉴，所引用的史料也值得进一步解读和研究。

二战时期，澳门同善棠向饥民派发食物 来源：澳门公共图书馆

第28-29页

The French Treaty Port of Guangzhouwan

As Janpanese forces swept across southern China, occupying Hainan Island, the Chinese authorities reacted with alarm at the Japanese blockade of the French Treaty Port of Kwang-Chow-Wan (Guangzhouwan). This was view as part of a Japanese operation on secure the long maritime route between Taiwan, Hainan Island, and French Indochina, and in so doing to secure its economic blockade over China. Nominally under Vichy administration, at least up until the Japanese military takeover in 15-16 February 1943, Guangzhouwan-which was only a couple day’s sailing by junk from Macau-offered the Portuguese colony a double connection. First, until their removal in October 1943, the Free French were favoured by the Guangzhouwan administrator ; and with the tricolor still flying, the port offered a semblance of normal commercial activity, crucial for Macau’s food supply. Second, as discussed in Chapter 6, Guangzhouwan offered a second escape route for refugees from Hong Kong and Macau alike.

Although no regular shipping service connected the two colonial enclaves, an irrgegular trading service by a fleet of some seventy trading junks in addition to ten wooden motorized vessels fulfilled this role. Crews of these vessels were exclusively Chinese and without Japanese participation. Besides the informal trade of tapping vital sources of rice, the Macau-based vessel Wing Wah also brought back from Guangzhouwan coal and friewood and other commodities. In return, Guangzhouwan looked to Macau for certain procurements, such as purchase in late 1941 of small arms ostensibly to cope with rising ‘piracy’ and ‘local trouble’, with the commander of the French vessel Jean Dupois mandated to effect rhe confidential purchase. The Japanese also supported an opium monopoly in Guangzhouwan, and grils were brought over from Macau for prostitution. By this stage, according to an Allied report, most of the ‘decent’ people had either returned to Macau, gone to Indochina, or made their way to the interior of China. By 1943, sea connections had also become perilous owing to the activities of American submarines that were harassing enemy shipping, including deadly attacks on the Vichy French marine. In the event, Guangzhouwan was again invided by Japanese troops on 10 March 1945, obliging the French to relinquish administrative control.

法国条约口岸广州湾

随着日军横扫华南，占领海南，中国当局警觉日本意在封锁法国治下的条约口岸广州湾。这可被视为日军战略的一部分，即拱卫从台湾到海南岛再到印度支那的长程海上航线，以及经济封锁中国。在日军1943年2月15-16日军事占领之前，广州湾名义上听命于维希法国当局。广州湾离澳门并不遥远，帆船只需航行几日就到，因此为葡萄牙殖民地提供双重联系：其一，在1943年10月人事变动以前，“自由法国”得到广州湾总公使的支持，法兰西三色旗仍旧飘扬，这座港口保持近似于正常的商业活动，对澳门的食品供应尤为紧要。其二，如第六章所讨论，广州湾是香港难民和澳门难民的逃难备选路线。

二战期间，日军对澳门实行长时间的封锁，造成严重的物资短缺和人道危机。尽管广州湾与澳门这两个殖民领地之间没有开设定期轮船航线，却有70艘载货帆船和10艘木质机动船不定期从事两地之间的货物运输。这些船员全是中国人，未有日本人参与其中。除了重要的生活物资如大米，以澳门为基地的“荣华”号还从广州湾运回来煤炭和火柴以及其他商品。作为回报，广州湾则从澳门采购某些特定物资。以1941年底的某次采购为例，广州湾当局声称需要一小批枪械弹药用于应付日益兴起的海盗和地方动乱，于是派遣海军军舰Jean Dupois秘密执行采购。（法当局批准的）广州湾的鸦片专营也得到日本人支持，还有许多年轻女性从澳门拐到广州湾为娼。由此，根据一份盟军报告，大部分“体面人物”宁愿返回澳门或转去印度支那，乃至前往中国大后方。到了1943年，海上联系也变得危险。因为美军潜艇不断袭击日军船只，也对维希法国旗下的船只造成致命伤亡。1945年3月10日，日军发起事变，迫使法国人彻底放弃统治权。

第88页

Food Supply and Distribution

McCaskie[5] then turns to the question of food distribution. Black or free market rates, he explained, ‘were usually 30 percent more but as they were quoted in silver money, the actual differences in prices can vary greatly’. As noted, a considerable amount of government rice found its way to the ‘free market’. As explained, the price of fish, vegetables, meat, and eggs followed the price of rice ‘where there was no obstruction to supply’. He also noted that at any time, the entry of these foodstuffs from Shekki could be partially stopped by the Japanese. Beef, pork, eggs, and native sugar also came in from Guangzhouwan.

Food supply to Macau was obviously cyclical. Rice shipments picked up in 1943 from the crisis of 1942, as they did likewise in Hong Kong, but then ran into drastic supply problems in the latter half of 1944 onwards. With control of rice supply in Indochina, Guangzhouwan especially met Macau’s needs, including vital coal. But as time passed with the Allied sinking of Japanese ships in 1944, including two rice ships destined to Hong Kong from Indochina, rhe situation in both cities worsened.

食物供应与分配

麦卡斯基[5]将问题转向食物分配。在他的报告中，不论黑市还是自由市场，“往往高于正常价格百分之三十，而且使用银币交易，实际价格相差更多。”他还记录，相当数量的政府储米流入所谓的“自由市场”。鱼、蔬菜、肉类和蛋类也随着米价上涨，轻易就能售出。不论何时，来自石歧的食物供应经常遭到日军拦截。牛肉、蛋类和土糖也从广州湾输入。

输入澳门的食物供应有明显的周期变化。大米运输自1942年危机之后，在1943年达到一个高峰，正与香港的情况相似。然而，严峻的供应问题接着在1944年下半年及之后出现。随着日本控制印度支那的大米供应，广州湾恰恰是遇到了澳门运输大米以及紧缺煤炭的需要。但此后盟军接连击沉日军船只，包括两艘从印度支那出发前往香港的运米船，这些城市的情况随之恶化。

注释：

[1] 如Botas, João F. O. ed., Macau 1937-1945 Os Anos da Guerra, Macau: Instituto Internacional de Macau, 2012.

[2] Geoffregy C. Gunn, ed., Wartime Macau: Under the Japanese Shadow, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2016.

[3] 赖廉士（Lindsay Tasman, 1898-1977），生于澳大利亚，1928年起在香港大学出任教职。香港沦陷后入狱，1942年初赖廉士逃到惠州，其后向英国军事当局提出组建英军服务团（British Army Aid Group）并获批准，负责协助难民和战俘逃离香港，为他们提供医疗等援助，并为盟军搜集情报。1949-1964年间，赖廉士出任香港大学校长。

[4] 详见本号第166期推送《澳门口述史中的“广州湾印象”》。

[5] 一名英国殖民地民政管理实习生，战时派驻澳门，撰写了一份有关澳门各方面情况的详细报告。Hong Kong Heritage Project, Ride Collection, Australian War Memorial, PF / 82/068 Series, G.A.McCaskie, ‘Report on Conditions in Macao’, 10/6/1942.

整理：吴子祺

校对：钱源初

编辑：大   牛