第四章 汉字形成的最基本规律：部首组合排列形成汉字
第一节 部首组合排列形成汉字的基本内容
The basic content of the formation of Chinese characters by the combination of part and head
部首组合排列形成汉字是汉字形成的最基本规律。把握住部首组字的这个规律，才能够真正揭示出汉字形成的奥秘，或者称之为揭示出汉字形成的密码。因此，探索清楚古汉字部首组字的规律性，正是探索古汉字奥秘的关键所在。
The formation of Chinese characters is the most basic law of the formation of Chinese characters. Only by grasping the law of the first group of characters can we really reveal the mystery of the formation of Chinese characters, or the cipher of the formation of Chinese characters. Therefore, it is the key to explore the mystery of ancient Chinese characters to explore the regularity of the first group of characters in ancient Chinese characters.
（一）部首是形成汉字的最基本元素
The head is the most basic element in the formation of Chinese characters.
西方文字，或者简称为西文，如英文、希腊文、德文、俄文等西方文字。它们往往是用300个左右的词根为骨干，通过增加前后缀等形式，组成庞大的西文词库。各种西文已经形成单词数量已经从几十万个发展到过百万个的单词词库。
Western languages, or simply Western languages, such as English, Greek, German, Russian, etc. They often use about 300 roots as the backbone, by adding suffixes and other forms, the formation of a large vocabulary of Western languages. Various Western languages have developed from hundreds of thousands of words to more than a million lexicon.
西方学者对于古汉字很难把握其规律。实际上古汉字的字库与西文的单词字库的形成也是有一定的规律可循的。汉字的形成与西文单词的形成，二者之间可作对应探索各自的规律。古汉字在组字上与西文的单词组词上，的确有类似的规律可寻。
It is difficult for western scholars to grasp the law of ancient Chinese characters. In fact, the formation of the ancient Chinese character font and the western word font has certain rules to follow. The formation of Chinese characters and the formation of western words can be used to explore their respective laws. The ancient Chinese characters have similar rules on the group words and the words in the western language.
各种西文是用300个左右的词根为骨干形成新的单词，而后汇成庞大的词库的。
而古汉字则是由300个汉字部首，通过其中的几个或者多个部首（一般是两三个部首，少数至多六七个部首）通过奇妙组合、排列的方法，形成庞大的古汉字字库。汉字字库在正常情况下是一万字范围内。汉字搞到四五万字库是一种繁琐的做法。
Various Western languages use about 300 roots as the backbone to form new words and then assemble them into a huge thesaurus.
The ancient Chinese characters are composed of 300 Chinese characters, and through several or more of them (usually two or three heads, at most a few of them six or seven heads), a huge ancient Chinese character font can be formed by means of wonderful combination and arrangement. Under normal circumstances, the Chinese character library is within the range of 10, 000 characters. It is a tedious practice to get 40 to 50, 000 Chinese characters.
就西文组词，古汉字组字，均基于300来个词根或者部首的情况，表明无论东方西方文化中在认识世界事物上具有共同规律，而无论东方西方文字都是对事物认识的结果，是人们认识事物在文字上的反映和表现。
According to the fact that there are about 300 roots or heads of Chinese characters in western languages and ancient Chinese characters, it is shown that there is a common law in the understanding of the world in both Eastern and Western cultures, and that the Eastern and Western characters are the result of the understanding of things. It is the reflection and expression of people's understanding of things in words.
以形象具体的汉字部首组成整个的汉字群体是古汉字的一大特色，也是古汉字的基本造字规律。The formation of the whole group of Chinese characters with concrete Chinese characters is a characteristic of ancient Chinese characters as well as the basic character-making law of ancient Chinese characters.
古汉字的部首是形成汉字的最基本元素。汉字部首整体上是属于象形字范畴。在商务印书馆出版的《新华字典》（第10版）一书中，该书表明，依据《汉字统一部首表（草案）》共300部首：其中有201个主体部首，99个同义异形的部首。这里介绍的只是汉字部首中的137个部首，按照汉语拼音秩序将其分布的情况排列如下：
The first part of ancient Chinese characters is the most basic element in the formation of Chinese characters. The head of Chinese character belongs to the category of hieroglyphs as a whole. In Xinhua Dictionary (10th Edition), published by the Business Press, the book shows that according to the first Table (draft) of the Ministry of Unification of Chinese characters, there are 300 heads: 201 subject heads and 99 synonymous heads. The introduction here is only 137 heads of Chinese characters. According to the order of the Chinese phonetic alphabet, their distribution is arranged as follows:
B 八、丷、灬 、宀、勹、匕、癶、比（8）
C 艹、彳、 辶、巛、艸、隹、厂、臣、虫（9）
D 亻、卩、夂、刂、刀（5）
E 歺、儿、耳（3）
F 匚、阝、攵、犭、飞、缶、阝、飞（8）
G 丨、廾、干、广、艮、囗、鬲、乛、弓（9）
H 户、灬、虍（2）
J 巾、彐、乁、彑、丬、臼、钅、孑、几（9）
K 凵（1）
L 耂、冫、力、耒、老（5）
M 糸、冖、宀、厶、米、马、矛（7）
N 牜、廿、疒、屰、女（5）
P 爿、丿、疋、丬、攴、攵、皮（7）
Q 犭、凵（2）
R 亻、人（2）
S 丨、扌、手、爫、殳、忄、氵、礻、纟、饣（飠）、氺、巳、尸、彡、夊、豕、罒、糸、厶、十、礻（21）
T 亠、冖、冂（3）
W 罒、囗、韋、瓦（4）
X 忄、彐、小、彡、厷（5）
Y 一、 廴、乚、幺、衤、疋、覀、讠（訁）、肀、又、雨、玉、页（14）
Z 夂、爫、辶、乛、止、隹、豸、子（8）
本书本章中引用的部首方面的资料均出自商务印书馆出版的《新华字典》（第10版）（2006年，北京）。
All of the materials cited in this chapter are from the Xinhua Dictionary (10th Edition), published by the Business Press (Beijing, 2006).
古汉字的部首究竟有多少个？徐復、宋文明著《说文——五百四十部首正解》（江苏古籍出版社，2002年）认为古汉字的部首有540个。因为公元100年时，许慎的《说文解字》（简称为《说文》）一书中的汉字部首就是540个。
How many heads are there in ancient Chinese characters? Xu Fu, Song Minmin's "Shuwen-540" (Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 2002) thinks that there are 540ancient Chinese characters. Because in AD 100, Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi (hereinafter referred to as Shuo Wen) has 540 Chinese characters in the first part of his book, "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" ("Shuo Wen Zi" for short).
但是，到了清朝《康熙字典》里，字库汉字总数达47043个，其中部首为300个。《新华字典》（第10版）共收录了10，000余个汉字单字（包括繁体字、异体字），该书里的汉字部首为300个。本文选择《新华字典》（第10版）里的汉字共300个部首的说法，来阐述自己的观点。
However, in the "Kangxi Dictionary" of the Qing Dynasty, the total number of Chinese characters in the library reached 47043, the first in the middle of which was 300. The Xinhua Dictionary (10th Edition) included more than 10000 single characters of Chinese characters (including traditional and alien characters). There are 300 Chinese characters in the book. In this paper, the author chooses 300 Chinese characters in Xinhua Dictionary (10th Edition) to expound his own point of view.
由300个部首组成整个庞大的古汉字字库。熟悉这300个汉字部首，并且在每个汉字形成中对部首组合排列加以灵活运用，就能够理解绝大多数汉字的含义。这是揭示汉字形成的奥秘所在。
The whole ancient Chinese character library is composed of 300 heads. If we are familiar with these 300 Chinese characters and use them flexibly in the formation of each Chinese character, we can understand the meaning of most Chinese characters. This is to reveal the mystery of the formation of Chinese characters.
（二）在甲骨文和篆书中，汉字部首都是“象形字”In the inscriptions on oracle bones and seals, the capital of the Chinese character ministry is the "hieroglyph".
在甲骨文和篆书中，这些汉字部首，都能够找到其对应的象形字，因此，这些部首应当称为“象形字”。例如，牛、马、羊、豕、犬，隹、鳥，手、足，米、禾，幺、糸，目、耳、鼻、舌、身等，在甲骨文中和篆书中都是栩栩如生的象形字。
In oracle bone inscription and seal script, these Chinese characters are able to find their corresponding hieroglyphs, so they should be called "hieroglyphs". For example, cattle, horses, sheep, hogs, dogs, good, birds, hands, feet, rice, moths, mugs, eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, etc., are lifelike hieroglyphs in oracle bone inscription and seal script.
汉字中组字的部首笔画有少有多，但都是部首文。既有笔画少的部首，也有笔画较多的部首。部首字的笔画从1画到17画都有。不能以为部首的笔画多了，就不算在部首的行列之中。
There are few first strokes in Chinese characters, but all of them are prologue. There are not only a few strokes of the head, but also more strokes of the head. The first part of the stroke from 1 to 17 paintings have. The number of strokes that cannot be regarded as part of the head is not counted in the ranks of the head of the ministry.
根据统计，从1画到9画的部首字共有276个；而部首中10画到17画的部首，可以称为高笔画部首，共计24个。
比如，10画到17画的部首其具体分布情况如下：10画 5个；11画 7个；12画 3个；13画 3个；14画 2个；15画 1个；16画 1个；17画 2个。
According to statistics, from 1 to 9 paintings, a total of 276 heads; and the head of 10 to 17 paintings, can be called high stroke head, a total of 24.
For example, the specific distribution of the radicals of the 10 to 17 pictures is as follows:10 for 5;11 for 7;12 for 3;13 for 3;14 for 2;15 for 1;16 for 1; and 17 for 2.
为什么24个高笔画的部首也是单独的象形字部首呢？因为，从甲骨文和篆书中，这些高笔画的部首字，就是一些动物的简笔画。马，鬲，高，麦，鸟，鱼，麻，鹿，鼎，黍，鼓，鼠，鼻，歯，龍，亀，龠等24个部首字，个个都是象形字的。比如，马字是马的象形字，可以看见马的鬃毛，以及马的身躯和四条腿；鬲字则是陶土烧制的，可以用来煮食物的，有中腹，三条腿的炊具；鸟字，鱼字，鼠字，亀字等都是看得见、摸得着的自然界动物的象形字；其他的部首同样也是象形字。
Why are the heads of 24 high-stroke paintings also separate hieroglyphs? Because, from oracle bone inscription and seal script, these high-stroke the beginning of these paintings, is some animal simple strokes. Horses, Gai, Gao, wheat, birds, fish, hemp, deer, tripod, millet, drum, mouse, nose, and so on, all of which are hieroglyphs. For example, horse is the horse's hieroglyph, can see the horse's mane, as well as the horse's body and four legs; the word is made of clay, can be used to cook food, with a middle belly, three-legged cooking utensils; Bird, fish, mouse, etc are visible, palpable pictographs of natural animals. Words; the other heads are also hieroglyphs.
至于从1画到9画的部首字，毫无疑问更是象形字了。
比如，1画和2画部首共计43个，其中：1画部首有9个；2画部首有34个。43个部首中，能够单独成文字的只有9个。但是，这些部首同样是象形字。不论是一个笔画的部首文，一横，一撇，一捺，一勾等等，还是2画的部首，如刀，刂，力，又，勹，丷等，在自然界里都可以找到对应的具体事物。比如，一横，可以是一根木棒；一撇，一捺，可以是一片玉米叶片；一勾，可以是一根带钩子的树枝，等等。
As for the first words drawn from 1 to 9, there is no doubt that they are pictographs.
For example, there are 43 headings in 1 painting and 2 paintings, of which 9 are in the first part, 34 in the head of the painting section, and only 9 in the 43 headings. However, these heads are also hieroglyphs. Whether it is the first part of a stroke, a cross, a skim, a repress, a tick, etc., or a part of a painting, such as a knife, a government, a force, a, etc., can be found in the nature of the corresponding specific things. For example, a horizontal, can be a stick; a skim, a pinch, can be a piece of corn leaves; a hook, can be a branch with a hook, and so on.
总之，300个部首都是象形字。汉字字库正是在这300个部首基础上形成的。In short, 300 Ministry capitals are hieroglyphs. The Chinese character library is formed on the basis of these 300 headings.
（三）300个象形字部首组合和排列基础上形成的汉字却不是象形字，而是理性字
(3) the Chinese characters formed on the basis of the combination and arrangement of 300 hieroglyphs are not hieroglyphs, but rational characters
这又是怎么回事呢？这有点麻烦，好比父母都是象形字，但是，他们的“孩子”，即部首组合排列产生出来的字却不是象形字。
So what's going on? This is a bit troublesome, like parents are hieroglyphs, but their "children", that is, the first combination of words produced by the hieroglyphics.
300个部首，300个象形字。严格意义上，300个部首在汉字里的正式名字叫着“文”，而不是叫“字”；而部首组合后的字不是象形字，而是理性字，这是有理由的。这里举几个例子来說明。
300 heads, 300 hieroglyphs. Strictly speaking, the official names of 300 heads in Chinese characters are called "Wen", not "characters", while the words combined by the heads are not hieroglyphs, but rational characters, which is justified. Here are a few examples to illustrate.
比如，争论两个字。
爭（简体字争）字由“爫+彐（实际上是彐字中间那一横要伸出到框子右边的）+亅jue”组成。在这里，光是凭人的眼睛是看不到是有两个人在那里争抢他们手里都拿着的树杆子的，需要解释人们才知道是他们两人在争抢的样子。
For example, two words of argument.
The word "jue" is composed of "the one in the middle that is actually going out to the right of the box." Here, the eyes alone do not see that there are two men fighting there for a tree pole in both their hands, and people need to explain how they are fighting for each other.
睜（睁）字由“目+爫+彐+亅”组合而成。讲的是人的双目的上下眼睑分别向上下拉开，使眼珠子更大地显露出来。但是，光看睜字不加解释是不可能正确理解睜字的含义的。
The word "open" is made up of "eye-to-eye". The upper and lower eyelids of a man's eyes are drawn up and down, making the eyeballs more visible. However, it is impossible to understand the meaning of a word without explanation.
又比如，愛（爱）字由“爫+冖+心+丿+又”组成，爫和又表示的是愛字的上边有一只手，下方还有一只手，中间是用箱子等包裹好的一颗心，是表示相爱的人们将自己的心都献给对方的意思。如果不加解释，又有几人能够这样理解呢？
For example, the word love is composed of a "heart and a heart," and it also means that there is a hand on the top of the word of love, and a hand on the bottom. In the middle is a heart wrapped in boxes and so on. It means that people who love each other give their hearts to each other. If there is no explanation, how many people can understand it like this?
正是因为部首组合后产生出来的字，不是依凭眼睛等人类感官就能够感觉出来字义的，它们是需要依靠建立在把握事物本质，以及在知识基础上的理性认识，才能够将该字的理性认识搞清楚。
It is precisely because the words produced by the combination of the heads are not perceived by the eyes and other human senses, they need to rely on rational knowledge based on grasping the nature of things and on the basis of knowledge. In order to understand the rational understanding of the word.
因此，对于庞大的汉字一万字的字库而论，象形字（或者称为“感性字”）只有那300个部首，即3％比例，而占比例97％的其余近万字的汉字，我称之为“理性字”。“理性字”不是象形字。把汉字归纳为“象形字”是一个容易将人们思维引入歧途的错误叫法。
Therefore, as far as the huge Chinese character library of 10,000 characters is concerned, the hieroglyphs (or "perceptual characters") have only 300 heads, that is, 3% of the Chinese characters, and 97% of the rest of the nearly 10,000 characters of the Chinese characters, which I call "rational characters". Rational words are not hieroglyphs. Generalizing Chinese characters as hieroglyphs is a wrong way to mislead people's thinking.